Years
ago, when I was an undergraduate earning a physics degree, I had a
rare elective on my slate and I decided to fill it with a course on
medieval art. I don't know that I could have articulated to anyone at
the time why, of all the courses I might have chosen, I chose that
one, but in retrospect I see it as an initial step into the beauty
and mystery that eventually led me to the Catholic Church. I remember
sitting in the dark classroom looking at a wall-sized screen onto
which painting after painting of the Virgin and Child were projected
-- the same figures, the same postures, the same clothing, even the
same foldings in the clothing! -- and feeling, against the odds, that
there was something there for me. I finished that course with the
seeds of a love of medieval art planted in my heart, a love that has
never ceased to grow, and one of its flowers has been a love for Fra
Angelico.
Technically,
Angelico is not a saint -- not officially recognized as one by the
Church -- but only a Blessed. Nonetheless, I believe he warrants
inclusion in this series on saints, mostly because when I suggested
him Janet didn't say no.
There
is relatively little surviving written evidence about the life of Fra
Angelico. Instead, we have his paintings. I suppose it is a matter
for debate how much a man's art can tell you about his inner life --
I think of Ralph Vaughan Williams as a counterexample to the idea
that it's easy to draw out the latter from the former -- but, not
having other options, in this post we'll look admiringly at a few of
Angelico's paintings.
Fra
Angelico was born Guido di Pietro, in the small Tuscan town of
Vicchio, most likely in the last decade of the fourteenth century.
About his early life we know little. In about 1425, when he was
likely in his late 20s or early 30s, he moved to Fiesole, just on the
outskirts of Florence, and joined the Dominicans, taking the
religious name Giovanni.
He
was already an accomplished painter at this time. His
extraordinary Annunciation, which resides today at the
Prado in Madrid, dates to within a few years of his entry into the
Order. Following a well-established iconographic tradition, the
painting depicts the Blessed Virgin giving her consent to the angel,
while in the background, in the garden, we see Adam and Eve evicted
after the Fall. Mary, the new Eve, undoes by her obedience the damage
wrought by the disobedience of the old Eve, or, as the medieval
writers liked to say, the 'Ave' reverses the 'Eva'. It's a wonderful
painting, full of luminous colours.
A
personal favourite of mine is his Coronation of the Virgin,
which he painted for the Dominicans of Fiesole about a decade after
joining the community. Today, on account of the redistribution of
goods occasioned by the Napoleonic wars, it is found in the Louvre.
In his Life of Fra Angelico, Giorgio Vasari singled
this painting out for special praise, saying it "gave supreme
proof of his talent". Here is the painting:
Vasari
describes it this way:
[In
it] Jesus Christ is crowning Our Lady in the midst of a choir of
angels and among an infinite multitude of saints, both male and
female, so many in number, so well wrought, and with such variety in
the attitudes and in the expressions of the heads, that incredible
pleasure and sweetness are felt in gazing at them; nay, one is
persuaded that those blessed spirits cannot look otherwise in Heaven,
or, to speak more exactly, could not if they had bodies; for not only
are all these saints, both male and female, full of life and sweet
and delicate in expression, but the whole colouring of that work
appears to be by the hand of a saint or an angel like themselves;
wherefore it was with very good reason that this excellent monk was
ever called Fra Giovanni Angelico.
He
exaggerates a little -- the number of saints is certainly less than
infinite -- but I can understand his enthusiasm.
At
around the same time, he painted a Last Judgment,
a large-scale work that includes all of the usual elements in a
medieval judgment scene: Christ in glory, with the blessed on his
right and the damned on his left. I bristle a little at the common
view that the damned are usually the more interesting -- what with
the pitchforks and the molten metal and the various forms of torture
on display -- but I will grudgingly admit that it is, in many cases,
true. It is no doubt preferable to feel a beatific glow of happiness,
but it is not always preferable to look at someone else feeling a
beatific glow of happiness. This is why this painting by Angelico is
so dear to my heart, for the eye is drawn to the garden of the
blessed where the angels and the saints dance a lilting circular
dance, the very picture of grace and delight, as glory streams from
the entrance to the celestial city. When I think of Angelico, it is
this that usually comes to mind first:
He
returned to the theme of the Annunciation for an altarpiece
commission in Cortona. (I believe that he painted this scene five
times.) [See all five here. jtc] This is truly one of his most magnificent achievements: the
composition is, in its essential elements, the same as the one we saw
above -- we again see the scene set in an enclosed garden (a symbol
of virginity), with the expulsion from Eden in the top left, and Our
Lady discovered at prayer -- but it glows with a special beauty. Also
notable is that Angelico has written the words of the angel's
greeting in a streaming line from his mouth, and her answer, upside
down and backwards, streaming back to him. I've seen this done in
other paintings, but according to my book on Angelico it was original
with him. I've always liked it.
You
can see, at the bottom of this painting, a series of smaller predella
paintings, in this case showing other scenes from the life of the
Blessed Virgin: her betrothment to Joseph, her visitation to
Elizabeth, the adoration of the Magi, the presentation of Jesus in
the temple, and her dormition. Many of Angelico's major works have
these adjunct predella paintings, and, although I'm not dwelling on
them here, they are often of great interest, and beautifully
executed.
The locus
mirabilis for lovers of Angelico's art is probably the
monastery of San Marco in Florence, where, in addition to doing a
number of frescoes in the public areas of the monastery, he did a
fresco in each brother's cell. Today one can visit the site and walk
from room to room, admiring them, but I've often wondered what it
would have been like to actually inhabit one of those rooms, living
in the constant company of one of these masterpieces of sacred art.
Could I have had my pick of rooms, I'd have chosen the one with this
scene of the Resurrection, which I look at every Easter:
The
last painting I'll mention is his Lamentation, which was
made for a confraternity in Florence dedicated to consoling prisoners
condemned to death. In the final hours before being executed,
prisoners were chained to a spot where they could view the painting.
Perhaps it was consoling for them, in some measure, to see such a
beautiful picture of holy men and women lamenting over the death of a
condemned criminal.
Vasari,
writing about a century after Fra Angelico died, gives us some
insight into the sort of man he was. We learn, for instance, that at
one point the Pope offered to make him the Archbishop of Florence,
but that he refused "for the reason that he did not feel himself
fitted for ruling others", a refusal that in Vasari's mind made
him a model for church leadership:
Let
the churchmen of our own times learn from this holy man not to take
upon themselves charges that they cannot worthily carry out, and to
yield them to those who are most worthy of them. Would to God, to
return to Fra Giovanni (and may this be said without offence to the
upright among them), that adll churchmen would spend their time as
did this truly angelic father, seeing that he spent every minute of
his life in the service of God and in benefiting both the world and
his neighbour.
Vasari
also tells us that he was reputed to be both a friend of poverty and
of the poor:
He
shunned the affairs of the world; and, living a pure and holy life,
he was as much the friend of the poor as I believe his soul to be now
the friend of Heaven. He was continually labouring at his painting,
and he would never paint anything save Saints. He might have been
rich, but to this he gave no thought; nay, he used to say that true
riches consist only in being content with little. He might have ruled
many, but he would not, saying that it was less fatiguing and less
misleading to obey others. He had the option of obtaining dignities
both among the friars and in the world, but he despised them,
declaring that he sought no other dignity save that of seeking to
avoid Hell and draw near to Paradise.
Late
in life he was called to Rome to paint for the Popes, and he died in
Santa Maria sopra Minerva on 18 February 1455. Originally he was
interred in that church's Thomas Aquinas chapel, as was fitting for a
son of the Dominican Order, but he was later moved to a position just
to the left of the main altar (beneath which lies St Catherine of
Siena), where a modest monument was erected to mark the place. I
discovered his tomb on my first visit to Rome back in 2001, and I
have returned to the spot to honour him each time I have been to the
city. In my experience, there are always fresh flowers there.
Fra
Giovanni was called 'Angelico' soon after his death, and the title
has stuck. In fact, it is more than just an enthusiastic rhetorical
flourish, for he was called pictor angelicus on
analogy with Aquinas' title doctor angelicus, a
recognition of his preeminent place in the Dominican Order, and
indeed in the Church. He was also called 'Beato Angelico' beginning
shortly after his death, but only in 1982 did Pope St John Paul II
make the designation official, and the same pontiff named him the
universal patron of all artists in 1984. This title is a source of
joy to me.
A
man may be a saint and be completely unknown to history. Being a
great artist, even a great maker of sacred art, doesn't in itself
move one any closer to being a saint. This is the work of grace, and
is hidden from outsiders. I can only say that for me, in my own
spiritual life, as I try myself to cooperate with that hidden work of
grace, the art of Beato Angelico has been a consolation and an
encouragement, for it has given me a vision of that glory toward
which I aspire. Perhaps he would now say, like St Thomas, that his
work is as straw compared to the true glory he has seen, but for
those of us still on the way, his work is enriching fare for the
journey. I am thankful for it.
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